A Qualitative Study to Compare Barriers to Improving Food Security among Households with Young Children in the U.S. as Perceived by Different Types of Stakeholders before and during COVID-19.

This qualitative study aimed to determine the perceived barriers of different community stakeholders' to providing resources for improving food security in households with young children in the U.S. Community stakeholders working with low-income families with children 0-3 years of age in Florida were recruited to represent healthcare (n = 7), community/policy development (n = 6), emergency food assistance (n = 6), early childhood education (n = 7), and nutrition education (n = 6) sectors. In 2020, one-on-one interviews were conducted with each stakeholder in via Zoom, using an interview script based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model and questions to capture the impacts of COVID-19. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a deductive thematic approach. A cross-tab qualitative analysis was used to compare data across categories of stakeholders. Healthcare professionals and nutrition educators indicated stigma, community/policy development stakeholders indicated a lack of time, emergency food assistance personnel indicated a limited access to food, and early childhood professionals indicated a lack of transportation as the main barriers to food security prior to COVID-19. COVID-19 impacts included the fear of virus exposure, new restrictions, lack of volunteers, and a lack of interest in virtual programming as barriers to food security. As perceived barriers may vary with respect to providing resources to improve food security in families with young children and the COVID-19 impacts persist, coordinated policy, systems, and environmental changes are needed.

Integrated approach for noncommunicable disease management in the Americas.

An overview of an integrated approach to improve noncommunicable disease (NCD) management is presented, along with tools on integrating NCD management as part of health system strengthening in the Americas. The study is based on an analysis of Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) data and publicly available information on NCD care and capacity, disruptions in NCD services, and guidance on NCD management. Gaps in NCD care are highlighted, in which an estimated 43.0% of men and 28.0% of women with hypertension in Latin America remain undiagnosed; and for those with diabetes, 32.8% in Central and South America are undiagnosed. Yet, only 17/35 countries (49%) in the Americas report having evidence-based national guidelines for NCD management through a primary care approach and only 7/35 countries (20%) report provision of drug therapy, including glycaemic control for eligible persons. To improve NCD management, an integrated approach is needed to coordinate and deliver care across the levels of the health system. This includes increasing primary care capacity and competencies to address multiple chronic conditions, and integration with other complementary programs to avoid missing opportunities for NCD diagnosis and management. An integrated approach to NCD management, and implementation of available tools, should be part of rebuilding health systems after the COVID-19 pandemic.

En este artículo se presenta una visión general de un enfoque integrado para mejorar el manejo de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), así como herramientas para integrar el manejo de las ENT como parte del fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud en la Región de las Américas. El estudio se basa en un análisis de datos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) y en información disponible para el público sobre la atención de las ENT y la capacidad, las interrupciones en los servicios y la orientación sobre el manejo de las ENT. Se destacan las brechas en la atención de estas enfermedades; se estima que 43,0% de los hombres y 28,0% de las mujeres con hipertensión en América Latina siguen sin recibir un diagnóstico, mientras que entre las personas con diabetes, 32,8% en América Central y del Sur no están diagnosticadas. Sin embargo, únicamente 17 de 35 países de la Región (49%) afirman disponer de pautas nacionales basadas en la evidencia para el manejo de las ENT mediante un enfoque de atención primaria, y solo 7 de 35 países (20%) refieren la provisión de farmacoterapia ­por ejemplo, para el control glucémico­ para las personas que reúnen los requisitos. Para mejorar el manejo de las ENT, es necesario un enfoque integrado para coordinar y brindar atención en todos los niveles del sistema de salud. Esto supone el aumento de la capacidad y las competencias de la atención primaria para abordar diversas enfermedades crónicas y su integración con otros programas complementarios y así no perder oportunidades de diagnosticar y gestionar las ENT. Un enfoque integrado para el manejo de las ENT y la aplicación de las herramientas disponibles deben formar parte de la reconstrucción de los sistemas de salud después de la pandemia de COVID-19.

O documento apresenta uma visão geral de uma abordagem integrada para melhorar o manejo de doenças não transmissíveis (DNT), bem com ferramentas para posicionar o manejo das DNT como parte integrante do fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde nas Américas. O estudo tem como base uma análise dos dados da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde (OPAS/OMS) e informações disponíveis publicamente sobre cuidados e capacidade de atendimento a DNT, interrupções nos serviços de DNT e orientações sobre o manejo de DNT. São destacadas as lacunas na atenção às DNT. Estima-se que 43,0% dos homens e 28,0% das mulheres com hipertensão na América Latina permanecem sem diagnóstico, e entre aqueles com diabetes, 32,8% na América Central e do Sul permanecem sem diagnóstico. Apenas 17 de 35 países (49%) nas Américas relatam ter diretrizes nacionais baseadas em evidências para o manejo de DNT na atenção primária e apenas 7 de 35 países (20%) relatam o fornecimento de terapia medicamentosa, incluindo medicamentos para o controle glicêmico para pessoas elegíveis. Para melhorar o manejo das DNT, é necessária uma abordagem integrada para coordenar e prestar cuidados em todos os níveis do sistema de saúde. Isso inclui o aumento da capacidade e da competência da atenção primária para atender pessoas com múltiplas doenças crônicas e a integração com outros programas complementares para evitar a perda de oportunidades para o diagnóstico e o manejo das DNT. Uma abordagem integrada ao manejo das DNT e a implementação das ferramentas disponíveis devem fazer parte da reconstrução dos sistemas de saúde após a pandemia de COVID-19.

Integrated Sustainability Planning and Local Food Systems: Examining Areas of and Gaps in Food Systems Integration in Community Sustainability Plans for Municipalities across British Columbia

No “one size fits all” approach exists for local sustainability and food systems planning. Such planning must balance needs for being both comprehensive and place-based. The current study explores this tension by examining Integrated Community Sustainability Plans (ICSP) developed by municipalities in British Columbia (BC), Canada. The research examines items and actions related to food systems (focusing on agriculture and food production) in the ICSPs of municipalities in different regions across BC to (1) identify how municipalities “integrate” food systems with other sustainability objectives, (2) elucidate how place and geography influence integrated planning, and (3) reveal gaps in integrated approaches to developing local food systems. The study employs document analysis and thematic coding methodology. The results indicate that common areas of food systems integration in ICSPs include local economy and education. Many plans outline goals for bolstering local food economies and building local food capacity through community participation and engagement. Findings also show how foci and approaches for developing sustainable food systems vary by region. The study elucidates how food systems are integrated within place-based sustainability plans as well as reveals gaps that local governments can address when adopting and implementing integrated sustainability plans for improving food systems.

Integration of community pharmacy in primary health care: The challenge.

Community pharmacies and pharmacists predominantly operate in a retail environment independently of other health care providers, and they are not often viewed as an integral member of the healthcare team. Thus, they remain overlooked or excluded during integration processes of health care systems. At the same time, there are calls by the profession at national and international levels for community pharmacy to be integrated within primary care systems. The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have further stimulated this desire. When pressing for integration, various terms, such as integration, integrated care, or interprofessional collaboration, are used in an interchangeable manner leading to lack of clarity, ambiguity and confusion for health care policy makers, planners, and other healthcare professionals. The literature was reviewed to identify critical components for community pharmacy to consider for integration. From the five selected articles describing integration of community pharmacies, four different constructs were identified: consensus, connectivity, communication and trust. The integration of community pharmacy into the health system may translate into better access for patients to primary care services, contribute to cost effectiveness, and promulgate the sustainability of the system. However significant political, economic, social, and practice change would be required by all stakeholders. Further research is needed to underpin a consensus for a definition, the type of integration, and the model optimally suited to integrate community pharmacy into primary care. These models, specific and adaptable to each national health care system and political environment, would need to be consensus-based by principal stakeholders to overcome a variety of barriers, including government resistance. Mere calls or demands by the pharmaceutical profession, although laudable, will not be sufficient to overcome the historical, cultural, and economic challenges.

Commissioning Clinical Spaces During a Pandemic: Merging Methodologies of Human Factors and Simulation.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this case study is to demonstrate the value of applying tabletop and simulation techniques to highlight high-risk, high-impact outcomes and organizational recommendations in the commissioning of a new clinical spaces. PURPOSE/AIM: Generalizability of lessons learned from this case study aim to support other health organizations in commissioning of clinical spaces during communicable disease outbreaks. BACKGROUND: COVID-19 challenged our healthcare system, requiring teams to prepare in a short span of time. Bridging expertise of human factor and simulation teams provided a novel, interdisciplinary, and timely approach to evaluate and commission spaces. METHODS: Human factors and simulation teams were enlisted to conduct an evaluation of a new space prior to readiness for delivery of safe patient care. An adapted tabletop evaluation and subsequent systems integration simulation was conducted. The goal of the tabletop exercise was to identify and define processes and risks to tested in the physical space using simulation. RESULTS: Applying both human factors science and systems simulation proactively identified the highest risk, highest impact outcomes, validated existing processes and allowed for refining of potential solutions and recommendations of the new space. A strong working relationship between teams fostered an opportunity to share information, debrief, evaluate, and adapt methods while applying timely changes based on emergent findings. CONCLUSIONS: These combined methodologies are important tools that can be learned and applied to healthcare commissioning of new clinical spaces in the identification of high-risk, high-impact outcomes affecting staff and organizational preparedness and safety.

An application to support COVID-19 occupational health and patient tracking at a Veterans Affairs medical center.

OBJECTIVE: Reducing risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection among healthcare personnel requires a robust occupational health response involving multiple disciplines. We describe a flexible informatics solution to enable such coordination, and we make it available as open-source software. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a stand-alone application that integrates data from several sources, including electronic health record data and data captured outside the electronic health record. RESULTS: The application facilitates workflows from different hospital departments, including Occupational Health and Infection Control, and has been used extensively. As of June 2020, 4629 employees and 7768 patients and have been added for tracking by the application, and the application has been accessed over 46 000 times. DISCUSSION: Data captured by the application provides both a historical and real-time view into the operational impact of COVID-19 within the hospital, enabling aggregate and patient-level reporting to support identification of new cases, contact tracing, outbreak investigations, and employee workforce management. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed an open-source application that facilitates communication and workflow across multiple disciplines to manage hospital employees impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 pandemic preparation: using simulation for systems-based learning to prepare the largest healthcare workforce and system in Canada.

Healthcare resources have been strained to previously unforeseeable limits as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. This has prompted the emergence of critical just-in-time COVID-19 education, including rapid simulation preparedness, evaluation and training across all healthcare sectors. Simulation has been proven to be pivotal for both healthcare provider learning and systems integration in the context of testing and integrating new processes, workflows, and rapid changes to practice (e.g., new cognitive aids, checklists, protocols) and changes to the delivery of clinical care. The individual, team, and systems learnings generated from proactive simulation training is occurring at unprecedented volume and speed in our healthcare system. Establishing a clear process to collect and report simulation outcomes has never been more important for staff and patient safety to reduce preventable harm. Our provincial simulation program in the province of Alberta, Canada (population = 4.37 million; geographic area = 661,848 km2), has rapidly responded to this need by leading the intake, design, development, planning, and co-facilitation of over 400 acute care simulations across our province in both urban and rural Emergency Departments, Intensive Care Units, Operating Rooms, Labor and Delivery Units, Urgent Care Centers, Diagnostic Imaging and In-patient Units over a 5-week period to an estimated 30,000 learners of real frontline team members. Unfortunately, the speed at which the COVID-19 pandemic has emerged in Canada may prevent healthcare sectors in both urban and rural settings to have an opportunity for healthcare teams to participate in just-in-time in situ simulation-based learning prior to a potential surge of COVID-19 patients. Our coordinated approach and infrastructure have enabled organizational learnings and the ability to theme and categorize a mass volume of simulation outcome data, primarily from acute care settings to help all sectors further anticipate and plan. The goal of this paper is to share the unique features and advantages of using a centralized provincial simulation response team, preparedness using learning and systems integration methods, and to share the highest risk and highest frequency outcomes from analyzing a mass volume of COVID-19 simulation data across the largest health authority in Canada.

Use of simulation to develop a COVID-19 resuscitation process in a pediatric emergency department.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created many challenges for health care providers. At the forefront is the need to balance optimal patient care with the safety of those providing that care. This is especially true during resuscitations where life-saving procedures cause widespread aerosolization of the virus. Efforts to mitigate this exposure to front-line providers are therefore paramount. We share how we used simulation to prepare our pediatric emergency department for COVID-19 resuscitations.